The Soviet Space Program launched Venera 8, the second robotic spacecraft to conduct a successful landing on the surface of Venus, on March 27, 1972. Simply put, this spacecraft was designed as a Venus atmospheric probe and lander with various instruments, such as temperature / pressure gauges, light sensors, an altimeter, gamma ray spectrometer, gas analyzer, as well as radio transmitters.
It took the spacecraft approximately 118-days to reach Venus, entering its atmosphere on July 22, 1972. It was equipped with a refrigeration system that pre-chilled the descent capsule’s interior prior to atmospheric entry in order to prolong its life on the surface. Unfortunately, the lander was only able to transmit for 50 minutes, 11 seconds after landing before failing due to the harsh surface conditions (470° Celsius, 90 atmospheres).
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